Jews and Christians played

key roles in the administration and economy of the caliphate. A prime example is Hasdai Ibn Shaprut (Ḥasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut a Jew who served as Abd al-Rahman III’s personal physician, diplomat, and translator of Greek texts. He also organized the Jewish community effectively, strengthening its cultural and political influence without compromising its religious principles. Similarly, Mozarabic Christians, such as Bishops Racemund and Rabbi ibn Zayd, held important positions, sometimes serving as ambassadors to Constantinople, illustrating their integration into the Caliphate’s diplomacy. สล็อต เว็บตรง